【本讲教育信息】

一. 教学内容：

Unit 3

 

二. 教学重点：

1. 重点单词：

positive, matter, awkward, convenient, jet, stressed, project, prefer, cell, useless, harmful, debate, unfair, download, unfortunately, electrical, decrease, transport, user, measure, essay, world-wide, multiply, employ, plus, insurance, document, salesman  

 

2. 重点短语：

get through, all the time, end up, hang around, hang around

 

3. 重点句型：

（1）倍数+比较级

（2）not+ all/both/everyone/everything.

（3）It all began when…

（4）as if Claus

 

4. 语法：

    被动语态

    动词时态——过去完成时

 

三. 重难点解释：

1. positive   be positive about [of]确信，确知

    adj  正面的，当面的（声明等）确实的；明确的，绝对的,肯定的；无疑的

a positive refusal 当面的拒绝

I am positive that I gave you his address. 我肯定把他的地址给你了。

It was a positive delight to hear her sing so beautifully. 听她美妙的歌声绝对是一种享受。

The doctor told the nurse to call him if there was a positive change for the worse.

医生告诉护士，如病人病情明显恶化，就马上叫他。

a positive adjective 原级形容词

The positive sign is +. 正数的符号是 +。

positive pole 正极

2. matter  n.事件，问题，物质，内容，实质，原因, (印刷或书写)文件，（文章或讲话等的）素材

vi.有关系, 要紧

    Everything we can see and touch is made up of matter.

我们能看见和摸到的每件东西都由物质组成。

subject matter 题材；题目；论题

This is a matter of no account.这是一件无关紧要的事。

I can't see the visitors right now. I have an urgent matter to attend to.

现在我不能接见客人，因为我有一件急事要办。

I have an important matter to talk to you about. 我有件重要的事要和你谈谈。

reading matter阅读材料

It doesn't matter if you are late. 你如果迟到也没关系。

But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn.

然而这没有关系,因为正如他一向所说的，人要活到老学到老。

“It doesn't matter,” I said. “不要紧，”我说。

It doesn't matter if I miss this bus, I can walk. 如果我错过了公共汽车不要紧，我可以步行。

a matter of...的问题

as a matter of fact实际上，不瞒你说，确实，事实是

no matter不要紧，没关系

What's the matter?[口]怎么回事?出了什么事?

What's the matter with ...?[口]……怎么啦?……出了什么事?……生了什么病?

3. awkward  adj. 难使用的，笨拙的

    He's very awkward, he keeps dropping things. 他很笨，总是丢东西。

The pan is an awkward shape. 这个锅的形状用起来不方便。

There was an awkward silence, when no one knew what to say.

当谁都不知道说什么时，陷入了尴尬的沉默。

Aunt Lena came to visit us at an awkward time.丽娜大婶在我们很不方便的时候来了。

4. convenient  adj.便利的, 方便的

    When would it be convenient for you to go?你什么时候去方便？

We must arrange a convenient time and place for the meeting.

我们必须安排一个合适的时间和地点开会。

5. stress  n.重压，逼迫，压力，重点，着重，强调，重音vt.着重，强调，重读

to lay stress on sth. 着重某事

I must stress that we haven't much time. 我必须强调我们没有多少时间了。

The director stressed that point in particular.厂长特别强调了那一点。

In fact, stress isn't a bad thing it is often supposed to be.

事实上,压力并不像人们所认为的那样是一件坏事

lay [place, put] stress on把重点放在……上；在……上用力

6. project  n.计划，方案，事业，企业，工程 

v.设计，计划，投射，放映，射出，发射（导弹等）

an impossible project 不可能实施的计划

a project to build a new road 建一条新路的规划

It is an elaborate project that answers many purposes.

这是一项适用于多方面需要的精心完成的设计。

A politician must project himself if he wants to win an election.

政治家如想赢得选举胜利必须表现自己。

7. prefer   vt.更喜欢，宁愿

    prefer doing to talking喜欢做而不喜欢说

prefer to die rather than surrender宁死不屈

prefer a charge against a person告发某人

prefer a claim to property提出一项产业的要求

to prefer coffee to tea 喜欢咖啡胜过茶

Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套？

prefer ... rather than 宁愿[愿意]……而不愿

prefer ...to…喜欢……而不喜欢；喜欢……胜过……

8. harmful    adj.有害的，伤害的

    Smoking can be harmful to your health. 吸烟对身体有害。

    come to harm 受到损害; 遭到不幸

do no harm无害  do sb. harm对……有害

do harm to sb. 对……有害  do harm to sth.对……有害

9. debate  vt.讨论 n.考虑

    The government is debating the education laws. 政府正在就教育法进行辩论。

    He was debating whether to go for a walk or to visit a friend. 他在考虑去散步或者去访友。

    a debate about the punishment for criminals 关于如何惩治罪犯的争论

Who open the debate? 谁先发言？

    beyond debate 无疑义, 无可争辩

debate upon 讨论(问题)

10. unfair  adj.不公平的

It's unfair to devalue anyone's work unjustly.

不公正地贬低任何人的工作都是不公平的。

11. unfortunately  adv.不幸地

    Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen.

不幸得很，这次演出是我们所看过的最乏味的演出。

    Unfortunately belts are worn only by a small percentage of drivers and passengers.

不幸的是，只有数量很少的驾驶员和旅客系保险带。

12. electrical   adj.  电的；有关电的

    The cooker isn't working because of an electrical fault.

这个炊具不能用了，因为出了电气方面的故障。

    electrical apparatus  电器

electric  adj.电的，导电的，电动的，电气

an electric cooker 电炊具

This heavy freighter is driven by two electric motors.

这辆重型运输汽车是由两台电动机驱动的。

The lawn mower is an electric.割草机是电动的机器。

13. decrease   n.减少, 减少之量 v.减少

The number of children in the school has decreased this year. 今年在校的儿童人数减少了。

Your hunger decreases as you eat. 饥饿感在吃饭时会渐渐消失的。

His interest in this subject gradually decreases.他对这个科目的兴趣逐渐在减退。

on the decrease在减少中，在下降中

decrease to减少到

14. transport  vt.运输（输送，迁移） n.运输（输送，迁移运输船）

    The goods were transported by train. 货物是用火车来运输的。

    the transport of goods by air 空运货物

    be transported with 万分激动；心荡神移

15. measure  n.尺寸(测量,测度)  vt.测量(调节,测定)

    A meter is a measure of length. 米是长度单位。

    They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.

他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施。

Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have.

母亲给我量尺寸，好知道我该穿多大号的衣服。

I measured the coat against her and found it was too long.

我把外衣在她身上量了一下，发觉太长了。

16. essay  vt.企图，尝试 n.企图，散文，小品文，随笔，短文，评论

    She wrote an essay on My Family.她写了一篇题为《我的家庭》的文章。

The other day I came across an interesting essay on the war with Napoleon.

前几天我偶然地读到一篇关于同拿破仑作战的有趣文章。

 

知识详解

一、重点词语：

1. affect vt 影响。The change in climate can affect your health.

effect. n.影响。构成短语 have/has a/an ...effect on sb/sth.要注意这种形式在定语从句中的应用。如：

The effect the medicine had on patients was obvious.

effort 努力 n.构成短语 make an effort/efforts to do sth./   spare no effort to do sth.<不遗余力做>

2. convient adj.方便的。常用物做主语，不修饰人。如：If it is convient to you, please drop in.构成结构有：be convient to sb./be convient to sb.

free adj.空闲的。构成结构 sb. be free.

3. prefer v.喜欢。构成短语：prefer sth./ prefer to do sth./ prefer sb to do/ prefer to do...rather than do...

如：1>----Who will win the game ?

----I prefer class two to win the game.

2>I prefer to watch TV rather than hang about on Sundays.

sb prefer to do ...rather than do...可以将rather than do...放在句首。如：

上句可以改为，Rather than hang about ,I prefer to watch TV.

4. wish  v./n.

1>wish sb. /sth. adj. /n. 如：

Wish you good luck/ Wish you happy.

2>n. best wishes/ give <send> sb. wishes=give<send> wishes to sb.

expect/hope    expect 意思为：等，等待。常用于将来时或者进行时，宾语多指安排好的事情。

结构为：expect to do /expect sb. to do

如：I'll expect you to have dinner at 10 o'clock./I am expecting him to come over.

hope  v.结构为 hope to do/hope that clause.不用于hope sb. to do，也不用于“v to do ”的形式。如果用进行时态多表示委婉语气。如：

He flew to HongKong _____ to get timely and further information.

A. hoping         B. to hope 

I am hoping to invite you to dinner.

hope n.结构为 in the hope of.../ in the hopes that clause.如：

They went abroad in the hope of the further education.

They worked around the clock in hopes that they could get through the exam.

5. mean v.意味着，意思是。

1>mean sth.         Red traffic lights mean stop.

2>mean doing       Nodding means accepting my advice. <意味着做……>

3>mean by...       What do you mean by that ?   

4>mean to do sth.  I mean to set on my foot on the island next month. <打算做……>

5>meant to have done sth.=had meant to do sth.<本打算做……>

----Why haven't you attended the lecture?

----I meant to,but I was busy.

1>means n.方法，手段。其单复数相同。如：a means/two means结构有 by the means of…

2>meant to have done 和 had meant to do意思一样，但用法却有区别。要根据语境做不同的选择。看下面两个语境题。

（1）---Why didn't you take part in the competition ?  ---I _______,but it rained.

（2）---Why haven't you take part in the competition ? ---I______,but it rained.

A. had meat to         B. meant to

（1）的语境是过去时，动词take part in 在句中表现为原形，根据had meant to do 的结构，故选A。（2）的语境是完成时，动词take part in在句中表现为 have taken part in,根据 meant to have done的结构，故选B。

6. anyway  adv.相当于 anyhow

1>再说。I've decided to postpone the idea of doing a course, and anyway I got accepted by the Council.

2>不管怎么说----I can give you a lift if you wait.  ----No, I'll walk. Thanks, anyway.

3>至少----All of them?          ----Some, anyway.

4>究竟What are you phoning for ,anyway?

7. available  adj.可得到的/可利用的。

1>.Is the book available here?

2>.There is not enough drinking water available in the village.

8. upset  v./adj.不安的/使…不安。

1>He was upset when he heard the news.

2>Do what he wants, or you'll upset him.

upset=rather unhappy

nervous=rather afraid

anxious=worried.   

9. weigh  vt.称……的重量/vi.重达……

The elephant is weighed by the ton.

The stone weighs 2 tons.

有此用法的还有 measure  意思为量的…如：The river measures 500 metres.

10. imagine vt.

1>.imagine sb. doing    I can't Tom living in such a poor place.

2>.imagine that clause  Imagine that you lived in a time when men wore swords.

我们不说 imagine one's doing 所以I can't imagine his having passed the exam.是错误的。另外，能够使用 imagine that clause 的还有suppose/considering。

11. occupy  vt.占用。

---Why are you busy while others are free?

---Because playing basketball occupies much time.

注意pay/cost/take/waste/和occupy 区别。

 

二. 重要短语：

12. get through

1>通过考试 Although he tried his best to do it ,he couldn’t get through the exam.

2>打通电话  The line is bad. I can't get through to Room 211.

go through 的用法。（1）经受 = experience   go through too much hardship  （2）穿越

<3>go through with=finish

还要注意下面几个get短语的用法。

get along/on  vt. /vi. 与……相处/进展。

He can get along well with his classmates/How is the project getting on?

get around/about 行走/到处走动/<消息>传开/避开

He broke his leg and couldn't get around .

It's getting about that the peace talks have broken down.

13. all the time 一直，表示时间的连续性。

During the dinner, he told some jokes and kept me laughing all the time.

警告：all the way.一路上/在…的过程中

After school, they talked and laughed all the way, returning to their home.

Seeing the film, he laughed off his head all the way.

14. end up  结束，完了。

1>If you behave like that ,you'll end up in prison.

2>Having finished the discussion, we ended up the meeting with a song.

3>You'll end up as a failure unless you work hard.

根据不同的语境，其后常跟in/with/as等介词。

15. hang around vi.游荡

Out of work, he is always hanging around on the street.

注意hang off的意思。

 

三. 句型：

16. 倍数+比较级

1>倍数+ as...as...（同级比较）

He ate twice as many apples as I.

2>倍数+more...than...（不同级比较）

He ate once more apples than I.

3>倍数+the size /weight /length/height/...of...

Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.

（1）倍数必须放在比较级前。

（2）在同级比较中，第一个as是adv，所以其后必须是adj. /adv.。

（3）注意比较成分的对等性。

17. not+ all/both/everyone/everything构成部分否定形式，意思是：并非……都……

Not all proved right.

Both of us don't agree with you.

It's an interesting film, but not to everyone's taste.

警告：all/both/everyone/everything的完全否定词是none/neither/no one/nothing.

18. It all began when…开始于…

1>It all began when I was a child.

2>It all began when I graduated from Shandong Normal University.

19. as if clause这个结构常用于虚拟语气。对现在虚拟用一般过去时，be动词用 were，对过去虚拟，用过去完成时。

1> A part of a chopstick is in water and it looks as if it were broken.

2>It seemed that as if he had known me well.

如果表达的是一个事实，就不用虚拟。如：

It seems that it is going to rain because of much cloud.

 

四. 辨析：

20. catch up with/keep up with

1>catch up with 是在落后的情况下，赶上……

I fell behind and I would tried to catch up with others.

2>keep up with意思是“和……保持一致”

As a young pioneer, we must keep up with society.

21. at a time/at one time/at the time

1>at a time一次

----May I borrow the books?

---Of course, but one at a time.

2>at one time曾经

At one time ,he was a thief.

3>at the time在那时

At the time I served the army.

22. after all/above all/first of all

1>after all毕竟，终究

Please forgive her .After all, he is a child.

2>above all最重要的是=most of all=most important of all

I need a nice room. Above all, it's comfortable.

3>first of all首先（表顺序）

First of all, let me introduce myself.

 

五. It sucks 交际英语。

意思是：真讨厌。这是很有用的句子，在英国，美国，澳大利亚都很流行。几乎对所有你不高兴的事情，你都可以这样说。如：

My car is always breaking down. It sucks.

It sucks. He is always lying to me.

 

Unit3 语法——动词时态

一. 经过前几个单元的学习，到这个单元为止，时态已经学完。按照要求，学生需要掌握下列几个重要时态。

1. 一般现在时

（1）概念  其基本意义在于表示发生在包括讲话时间在内的动作或状态。

（2）理解：本时态主要关注动作的经常性，强调动作表现的事实，或者是真理，而且和现在有关。

    ①表示客观真理，科学事实，格言，及其它各种不受时间限制的客观存在状况。

如：Light travels faster than sound

        Action speaks louder than words

    ②表示经常性或习惯性的动作。

如：Our art teacher practises painting twice a day.

        Tom often regularly drop in on the professor.

    ③表示现在的特征或状态。

如：He is always ready to help others.

        Tom seldom rises at six.

    ④有when/ while/ until/ before/ as soon as/if /even if等引导的时间，条件，或让步状语从句中，常用一般现在时。

如：When we get there, we’ll call you.

        No one can go through with the task on time if it rains.

       I'll not attend her birthday party even if I am invited.

    ⑤在新闻标题，小说，戏剧，电影，图片等说明中，也经常用一般现在时。

如：The Delegation of China gets a warm welcome in Russia.

        The story is about a family. The husband comes home from his office and tells the wife that he has invited a friend to dinner.

（3）标志：often/always/usually/seldom/never对上述状语提问时，常用How often...? 肯定句中，动词用第三人称单数形式。

如：

    ---How often does he visit the old man?

    ---Never.

2. 一般过去时

（1）概念：本时态主要是表示过去的时间内发生的动作或者是状态。

（2）理解：强调过去动作的一次性和习惯性。

    ①表示过去特定时间的一次完成的动作。

如：The old professor stepped into the classroom, opened the book, and began to read.

        We went to Beijing and visited Heaven Temple.

    ②用它表示习惯性动作，往往用一定的时间状语或表示频度的状语。

如：We went to school together when we were boys and so we saw each other every day.

        There used to a temple in the village.

在日常会话中，我们也用一般过去时表示现在的时间。这种用法在讲话的口气上表现出婉转，客气的意味。

如：---Did you want me ?

        ---Yes, I hoped you could give me a hand with the painting.

③警示：除了表示明显的过去时间状语外，还有used to/would等暗示性词语。

如：When I was in London, often, I would have a cup of coffee after work.

注意：上句中的would 不能用 used to 代替。这两个词虽然都表示“过去常常”，但would 常和时间连用，如 often, every day 等，而used to 不可以。

3. 一般将来时

（1）概念：表示将来要发生的动作。

（2）理解：对未来事情的预见性，或者说明意图，打算。

    ①用will 或shall +动词的形式表示对未来事情的预见性，又称为预见性将来时。

如：Tomorrow will be fine .

        You will feel better after taking the medicine.

    ②用 be going to do表示将来。

用这种形式表示将来，主要是说明现在的意图，打算，即表明眼前最近要去做的事情，又称之为近期将来。如：I'm going to post two letters after class./She is going to have a university degree.

如果这种结构用物做主语，也是一种预见，可以用will 代替。

如：It is going to rain.

        Watch out! The pill of boxes is going to fall.

    ③用be+ going 表示将来

一般说来，用现在进行时表示将来所用的时间大都适用于动作动词，不适用于状态动词。用这种结构表示按计划要去做的事或发生的事情。

如：We're inviting several people to a party.

        The foreign ministry is coming to the UN this week.

        The plane is taking off at 5:30.

一般来说，be doing / be going to do 两种结构均可以表示将来，但有些区别。

比较：I am taking Mary out for dinner tonight .

          I am going to take Mary out for dinner tonight.

第一句表示计划已定不能改变，第二句表示打算未定，只是一种想法而已。

    ④用be+to do 表示将来时间

这种结构也可以表示按计划，随安排将要去做的事情或将要发生的动作。

如：The workers are to produce 5000 cars next year.

        The Prime Minister is to speak on television tonight.

        The line is to be open to traffic on October 1.

这种结构表示的将要发生的动作一般来说受人们意志控制或支配。可以互换，但语意上有区别。如：

    We are going to play basketball this afternoon.<表示目前的意图>

    We are to play basketball this afternoon.<表示计划，安排或受人的支配>

我们可以说：It's going to rain. /The young man is going to be fat.

但不能说：It is to rain. /The young man is to be fat.

⑤用一般现在时表示将来

如：Next Christmas falls on a Tuesday.

        The train leaves at 7:30 this evening .

        The plane takes off at 6:40.

（3）警示：除了上述那些之外，也用be about to/be on the point of /be on the middle of 表将来。

如：The meeting is about to begin.

        We are on the point of going out .

但值得注意的是这种形式不和将来的时间用在一起。我们不可以说They are about to leave this afternoon.

4. 进行时

（1）概念：表示某时某刻某阶段正在进行的动作。

（2）理解：进行的动作包括现在，过去和将来。

现在进行时：

本结构是am/is/are + doing构成的形式。这种时态表示的动作主要与现在时间有关系。有如下的用法。

　　①表示此刻正在进行或发生的动作　常伴有时间状语。如：now/at present/ at the moment

    At present, the staff are holding a meeting.

    Where are they having the basketball match ?

    ②表示现阶段正在进行的动作

I usually get up at seven, but I'm getting up at six every day this week to prepare my lessons.

    Selecting a mobile phone is difficult. The technology is changing .

    ③如果和表示频度的时间状语连用，不表示动作的进行，而表示动作的重复性，在语意上带有感情色彩。如：

    You are continually finding fault with me.<表不满>

    He is always thinking of how he could do for the people.<表赞扬>

    The old man is constantly complaining of his watch being slow.〈发牢骚〉

 

过去进行时：

本结构是was/were + doing 构成的形式。它表示的状态或动作主要和过去的时间有联系，所以往往和表示过去的时间连用。

①表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作。如：

　　What were you doing at ten last night?

    When I got up this morning, it was raining outside.

    ②表示过去某阶段中正在进行的动作。如：

    At that time, he was working in a PLA unit.

    In those years he was having a happy life.

    ③在叙述故事的背景时，为了使故事的语言更加生动，让读者有身临其境的效果，多用进行时。如：One morning the three sisters were together in the drawing room. Mary was sewing, Alice was playing the piano, and Jane was doing nothing, then suddenly the door opened...

正如现在进行时一样，过去进行时与表示频度的时间状语连用，也能表示某种情感色彩。

（3）警示：进行时还常用在语境中，表示语气的委婉。如：

    ---What are you going to do?

    ---I'm hoping to invite you to dinner.

5. 完成时

（1）概念：本时态是表示某动作或某过程在一定时间内处于完成的状态。

（2）理解：完成时包括现在完成时和过去完成时态。构成分别为have<has> done/had done.

 

现在完成时：动作在过去发生，持续到现在已经完成，或者是继续持续下去。

①已经完成的用法。其表明某动作或过程发生在说话前某个不明确的过去时刻，到目前已完成，并对目前造成影响。如：He has not been to Shanghai/Have you finished reading the story ?本用法常和不确定时间状语连用。如：already/yet/before/recently/lately/just...等

    I have seen him before

    We haven't been there lately

也可以和表示频度的时间状语用在一起。如：ever/never/once等。

    I have never been to Hongkong.

    Have you ever visited the Great Wall ?

②未完成的用法。本用法表示某动作或状态开始于过去某个时刻一直延续到现在，而且还要继续下去，在某种情况下也可能刚刚结束。常和 since/for/时间状语连用。如：

    He has been in the army for 3 years.

    He has lived in the building since he came here.

③警示：如果since 引导的从句中的动词是延续性的，一般认为，语意上也表明动作或状态的结束。如：

　　I haven't heard from him since he lived there.

    从他离开那儿以来，我一直未收到他的消息。

    He has written to me frequently since I was ill.

　　从我病愈以来，他常给我写信。

如果since引导的从句中的谓语动词用了现在完成时，那么表示的动作或状态就不表示完结。如：

　　I haven't heard from him since he has lived there .

    从我住在那里以来，我一直未收到他的来信。

    He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.

　　从我生病以来，他常给我写信。

 

过去完成时：本时态表示的是动作在过去的过去发生。它也分为“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”。

①已完成用法。表示，当一个动作发生或结束时，在它之前的另一动作已经完成。这种用法既用于动作动词，也用于状态动词。如：

　　When we arrived the cinema, the tickets have been sold out.

    Tom flew home, but his father had already died.

Ｉwas told that the old man had been away for a week.

②未完成用法。表明某个动作或状态在过去某个时刻之前一直延续到过去这个时间，而且还可能继续下去。它也使用于动作和状态动词。而且常和 By +过去时间或从句连用。如：

    By 12,he had studied for 4 hours.

    By we got there, they had ended the meeting.

    We had worked together for a long time before we came to this college .

（3）警示：在by + 过去时间或从句的结构中，如果主句动词是动作动词，用过去完成时，如果是状态动词，用一般过去时。比较：

    By the end of last year, he was 12.

    By the end of last year, he had learned 300 English words.

另外，在…hardly…when/ …no sooner…than…的句中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。而且，如果hardly/no sooner 提前，主句需要部分倒装。如：

    I had hardly recognized him when I saw him.

    Hardly had I recognized him when I saw him. 

 

时态对应知识

时态对应主要包括以下的典型用法。

1. 下列情况下，如果主句是将来时（用will/shall/can/must/）或者主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时。

（1）在 if /unless/ even if 引导的条件状语从句中。如：

You will be punished unless you go though with the work.

I won't attend the party even if I am invited.

（2）在when/before/until<till>/as soon as/the moment/ once引导的时间状语从句中。如：

I'll let you know the moment I get timely information.

Once you realize your mistake, you'll regret for what you've done.

（3）在 no matter what/no matter who/no matter when/no matter where/no matter how/no matter which或者whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/however/whichever 引导的让步状语从句中。如：

I'll believe whatever you have said.

However difficult the problem is ,we'll overcome it .

Wherever you go, I’ll follow you.

We can help whoever gets in trouble.

2. 在祈使句+and/or+句子的模式中，and/or 后的句子常用将来时态。如：

Put on the coat, or you'll catch a cold.

Work hard, and you'll make rapid progress.

3. 注意used to/would 区别。它们都表示过去常常。但would 常和时间连用，而used to 不可以。如：

When I was a boy, I would swim every day.<不用used to>

4. be about to do 如果用在简单句中，常用一般现在时。如果用在复合句中，常和when 引导的过去时的从句连用。如：

I am about to leave.

When I was about to fall asleep when someone knocked the door.

但要注意be about to do 不和具体的时间连用。我们不可以说，We are about to leave this afternoon. 应说We are about to leave. 或者说We will be leaving this afternoon.

5. 语境中的过去时常表示“刚刚，刚才”之意，暗示现在已经不是这样。如：

Sorry, I didn't know you were here .

6. 表示愿望，打算一类的词，如hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。如：

---Why haven't you attended the party?

---I had meat to, but I was busy.

7. 在 It/This be the first/second/…time+ that 句中。如果be为一般现在时，that后的句子一般用现在完成时或一般现在时，如果be为一般过去时，that后的句子为过去完成时。如：

This is the first time that I have met the famous scientist.

This is the first time that he gets involved in the tournament.

8. 在 It be +段时间 +since 从句中，如果be 表现为 is或has been 形式，since 从句用过去时，如果be 表现为was 或 had been,从句用过去完成时。如：

It is 3 years since he has taught in this university.

9. 在...hardly...when/...no sooner...than...结构中，hardly/no sooner 所在的主句用过去完成时，when/than所在的从句用一般过去时。而且，如果 hardly/no sooner 放在句首，主句部分要部分倒装，从句结构不变。如：I had hardly recognized him when he turned up.

Hardly had I recognized him when he turned up.

No sooner had the train left than I got to the railway station.

10. 在“主句+before+从句”的结构中，如果主句和从句中动词先后顺序明显，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；如果主句和从句的动作先后顺序不明显，主从句都用一般过去时。如，

The film had been on for 30 minutes before I got there .

He hurriedly went out before I said a word.

11. 在“it be+段时间+before从句”中，如果从句是一般现在时，主句中的动词用will be形式。如果从句中的动词是一般过去时，主句动词用 was的形式。如：

It will not be some time before he graduates.

It was 3 years before he graduated.

12. 在“will/shall be doing”结构中（将来进行时），其后往往跟上具体的将来时间。如：

The plane will be flying over the Pacific this time tomorrow morning.

13. 在“by + 时间”的结构中，如果时间是过去时间，主句中的行为动词常为过去完成时，但如果句中的动词是状态动词be ,仍然用一般过去时。如果时间是将来时间，主句中的行为动词用将来完成时，同样，如果句中的动词是状态动词be,仍然用将来时。如：

By the end of last year, they had completed the task.

By last month, he was 10 years old.

By he joined the army, he had served us as a cook for 5 years.

By next month, we will have learned Lesson 21.

14. 在“主语+介词+主语”的结构中，句中的动词要以第一个主语作为标准，这类介词有with/together with/as well as等。如：

The teacher together with the students is going to Hongkong tomorrow.

The dog ,as well as ten sheep is going to be shipped to Qingdao .

15. 在neither...nor.../either...or.../there be...等结构中，采用“就近原则”。如：

Were neither you nor he there when the accident happened ?

Neither you nor he was there when the accident happened.

There is a pen and ten books on the desk.

There are ten books and one pen on the desk.

16. 注意一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。一般过去时可以指过去动作的完成，而过去进行时仅表示动作的进行。如：

---Has he finished the book?

---I've no idea, but he_____<write> it last week.

A. wrote          B. was writing

学生很容易选A。从 I've no idea仔细分析，可以知道本句的动作是进行，而不是完成。所以B是正确的。

 

【模拟试题】

1. How can you possibly miss the news ?It ___on TV all day long.

A. has been          B. had been          C. was          D. will be

2. ---Sorry to have interrupted you .Please go on.

--- Where was I?

----You ____you didn't like your father's job.

A. had said    B. said    C. were saying    D. had been saying

3. I arrived late ;I ____the road to be so icy.

A. wouldn't expect                     B. haven't expected

C. hadn’t expected                     D. wasn't expecting

4. Come and see me whenever_______.

A. you are convenient               B. you will be convenient

C. it is convenient                D. it will be convenient to you

5. At this time tomorrow _____over the Atlantic.

A. we're going to fly              B. we'll be fly 

C. we'll fly                        D. we're to fly

6. The news came as no surprise to me. I ___for some time that the factory was going to shut down.

A. had known   B. knew   C. have known    D. know

7. ---____David and Vicky ___married ?   ----For about three years.

A. How long were ;being   B. How long have; got

C. How long have; been    D. How long did; get

8. Why don't you put the meat in the fridge ? It will _____ fresh for several days.

A. be stayed                              B. stay

C. be staying                      D. have stayed

9. ----Sorry, Joe. I didn't mean to ...

    ----Don't call me “Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you ,and ____ you forget it!

A. do          B. didn't        C. did           D. don't

10. I ___ while reading the English textbook .Luckily, my roommate woke up in time.

A. had fallen asleep               B. have fallen asleep

C. fell asleep                       D. fall asleep

11. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness______.

A. has grown                    B. is growing  

C. grew                           D. had grown

12. I wonder why Jenny ____us recently. We should have heard from her by now.

A. hasn't written                 B. doesn't write

C. won't write                    D. hadn't write

13. － You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it ?

－ I'm sorry I _____anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you .

A. wasn't saying   B. don't say  C. won't say  D. didn't say

14. － What happened to the priceless works of art ?    － ________.

A. They were destroyed in the earthquake   B. The earthquake was destroying them

C. They destroyed in the earthquake       D. The earthquake destroyed them

15. － When will you come to see me, Dad ?

     － I will go to see you when you ______the training course.

A. will have finished                   B. will finish

C. are finishing                    D. finish

16. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______it.

A. doesn't mention                     B. hadn't mentioned

C. didn't mention                              D. hasn't mentioned

17. I______ ping--pong quite well, but I haven't had time to play since the new year.

A. will play  B. have played  C. played  D. play

18. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ____so rapidly.

A. is changing  B. has changed  C. will have changed  D. will change

19. It_____ long before we _____the result of the experiment.

A. will not be; will know      B. is ;will know

C. will not be ;know       D. is ;know

20. He______ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment .

A. has no sooner got           B. no sooner got

C. will no sooner get             D. had no sooner got

【试题答案】

1—5  ACCCB              6—10  ACBDC

11—15  CADAD          16—20  CDACD